IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN UMAYYAD DYNASTY AND MOVAROUNNAHR (TRANSOXIANA)

Abstract

This article focuses on the early relations between the Umayyad dynasty and Mā warāʾ al-nahr (Transoxiana). Some of these relations were established on the basis of full-fledged diplomatic ties, while others took on a military character, since long before the arrival of the Arabs this region had already developed stable forms of statehood. The article also examines the legal mechanisms regulating foreign affairs between the two states. These mechanisms are reflected in the activities of the dīwāns. To manage foreign relations, official dīwāns were established, and special representatives were appointed to oversee such matters. By systematizing diplomatic relations within the caliphate, one can observe significant changes in the governance of the state. Furthermore, the article analyzes the foreign policy activities of the rulers of the Umayyad period. Their positive and negative aspects are studied from a scholarly perspective. In accordance with the principles of historical accuracy and consistency, the research findings are examined by historical periods. To substantiate these scholarly analyses, the study cites quotations from medieval historical sources, as well as the works of scholars who have conducted fruitful research in this field.