HUMAN AND SOCIETY IN AL-GHAZALI’S THOUGHT: THE PHILOSOPHY OF ETHICAL VALUES

Abstract

This article explores Abu Hamid al-Ghazali’s philosophy of ethical values in shaping the relationship between the individual and society. Central to his thought is the «middle path,» which calls not for suppressing natural desires or anger but for guiding them with reason. Al-Ghazali reflects deeply on inner purity, freedom, and the essence of human existence. He examines the ethics of dialogue, friendship and brotherhood, travel etiquette, and the teacher–student relationship as key means of spiritual growth. Knowledge and moral cultivation, in his view, form the foundation of personal development and social harmony. By uniting education with refined character, Al-Ghazali offers a comprehensive model where compassion, self-discipline, and the pursuit of truth enable both individual fulfillment and a just, balanced society.